Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:

Whether the eyes are "the windows of the soul" is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. T he eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study , when American four?year?olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them d re w people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants do not acquire a s much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode(把…编码) or decode(理解) meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the "proper place to focus one’s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner."

The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined; speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re?establish e y e contact with the listener or reassure the selves that their audience is still a ttentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.

36. The author is convinced that the eyes are __________.

A) of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideas
B) something through which one can see a person’s inner world
C) of considerable significance in making conversations interesting
D) something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate

37. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person __________ .

A) whose front view is fully perceived
B) whose face is covered with a mask
C) whose face is seen from the side
D) whose face is free of any covering

38. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversation
partner’s neck because __________.

A) they don’t like to keep their eyes on the face of the speaker
B) they need not communicate through eye contact
C) they don’t think it polite to have eye contact
D) they didn’t have much opportunity to communicate through eye contact in babyhood

39. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break down due to
____.

A) one temporarily glancing away from the other
B) eye contact of more than one second
C) improperly?timed ceasing of eye contact
D) constant adjustment of eye contact

40. To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for the participants ______.

A) not to wear dark spectacles B) not to make any interruptions
C) not to glance away from each other D) not to make unpredictable pauses

参考答案：36.A 37.C 38.D 39.C 40.A