The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed “intuition” to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.

Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.

Isenberg’s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an “Aha!” experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.

One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that “thinking” is inseparable from acting. Since managers often “know” what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.

Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.

1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to

[A] speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.

[B] identify a problem.

[C] bring together disparate facts.

[D] stipulate clear goals.

2. The text suggests which of the following about the “writers on management” mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2?

[A] They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.

[B] They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.

[C] They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.

[D] They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.

3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?

[A] Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.

[B] Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not.

[C] Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does not.

[D] Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X does not.

4. The text provides support for which of the following statements?

[A] Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.

[B] Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.

[C] Managers’ intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.

[D] Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.

5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text?

[A] An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.

[B] A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.

[C] The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.

[D] Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.

1. 【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。本题题干中的“senior managers”暗示本题的答案信息在第三段，因为第三段首句包含题干中的“senior managers”。通过仔细阅读和理解本段中所谈到的五点，我们可推导出本题的正确选项是选项D。本题选项A、B、C所涉及的内容分别在本段的第五点、第一点和第三点提到。考生在解题时一定要学会认真归纳和总结原文所表达的每一层含义。

2. 【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道句间关系题。题干已将本题的答案信息圈定在第二段。本段中的第二句是本题答案信息的最主要来源，通过阅读和理解此句，我们可推导出本题的正确选项是D。考生在解题时一定要适当理解上下句之间的关系。

3. 【答案】C

【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题。题干中的“who uses intuition to reach decisions”暗示本题的答案信息在第四段，因为第四段首句含有和题干中“who uses intuition to reach decisions”大致相同的“the intuitive style of executive management”。通过仔细阅读和理解第四段的每一句话，我们可发现第四段的第一句话都在强调“act”(行动)，可见本题的正确选项应该是强调行动的选项C。本题的答案信息来源是第四段的第二句话。考生在解题时一定要首先准确地审题定位，然后要善于归纳和理解原文中的中心主旨信息。

4. 【答案】D

【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题。题干中并没有明确指出本题答案信息在原文的准确位置。在这种情况下，考生往往迷失解题思路。在考生迷失解题思路时一定要牢记全文中心主旨，并且抓住各段的核心句。本文的中心主旨句在第一段的尾句。如果考生能够抓住第一段的尾句，并结合第三段的第四、五句，就可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是D。考生在解题时，尤其是在迷失解题思路时，一定要首先抓全文的中心主旨句，同时还要抓一些明确表示启承转合关系的句子结构。

5. 【答案】B

【考点解析】本题是一道段落结构题。第一句话中的“do not”和第二句句首的“rather”是破解本题的关键。抓住这两个关键就可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是B。考生在解题时一定要注意表示否定的词语以及表示启承转合的词语，更要注意句子之间的相互关系。