Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories __21__ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior __22__ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through __23__ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in __24__ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, __25__ as a rejection of middle-class values.

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, __26__ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes __27__ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are __28__ to criticism.

Changes in the social structure may indirectly __29__ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that __30__ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment __31__ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in __32__ lead more youths into criminal behavior.

Families have also __33__ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; __34__, children are likely to have less supervision at home __35__ was common in the traditional family __36__. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __37__ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __38__ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing __39__ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, __40__ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.

21. [A] acting[B] relying[C] centering[D] commenting

22. [A] before[B] unless[C] until[D] because

23. [A] interactions[B] assimilation[C] cooperation[D] consultation

24. [A] return[B] reply[C] reference[D] response

25. [A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else

26. [A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding

27. [A] on[B] in[C] for[D] with

28. [A] immune[B] resistant[C] sensitive[D] subject

29. [A] affect[B] reduce[C] check[D] reflect

30. [A] point[B] lead[C] come[D] amount

31. [A] in general[B] on average[C] by contrast[D] at length

32. [A] case[B] short[C] turn[D] essence

33. [A] survived[B] noticed[C] undertaken[D] experienced

34. [A] contrarily[B] consequently[C] similarly[D] simultaneously

35. [A] than[B] that[C] which[D] as

36. [A] system[B] structure[C] concept[D] heritage

37. [A] assessable[B] identifiable[C] negligible[D] incredible

38. [A] expense[B] restriction[C] allocation[D] availability

39. [A] incidence[B] awareness[C] exposure[D] popularity

40. [A] provided[B] since[C] although[D] supposing