Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:

Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic (流行病) of sleepiness in the nation. “I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,”says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.

The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足) crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. “The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.” By the 1950s and 1960s, that sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and eight hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. “People cheat on their sleep, and they don’t even realize they’re doing it,” says Dr. David. “They think they’re okey because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous.”

Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his programme. “In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5 hours’ sleep. If you’ve got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition.”?

To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. “We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says Dr.David. “Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate.”

31. People in the 18th and 19th centuries used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night because they had .

A) no electric lighting C) the best sleep habits

B) no drive and ambition D) nothing to do in the evening

32. According to Dr. David, Americans .

A) are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of life

B) can get by on 6.5 hours of sleep

C) do not know how to relax themselves properly

D) often neglect the consequences of sleep deficit

33. Many Americans believe that .

A) they need more sleep to cope with the complexities of everyday life

B) sleep is the first thing that can be sacrificed when one is busy

C) to sleep is something one can do at any time of the day

D) enough sleep promotes people’s drive and ambition

34. The word “subjects”(Para. 4, Line 1) refers to .

A) the psychological consequences of sleep deficit

B) special branches of knowledge that are being studied

C) people whose behavior or reactions are being studied;

D) the psychological consequences of sleep definit

35. It can be concluded from the passage that one should sleep as many hours as is necessary to .

A) maintain one’s daily schedule C) feel energetic and perform adequately

B) improve one’s memory dramatically D) be considered dynamic by other people

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:

The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.
A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo drew a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.

36. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because .
A) wrong decisions could lead to poor health
B) it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge
C) it is essential to personal freedom in American society
D) personal health choices help cure most illnesses

37. To “live a completely sedentary life-style”(Para.1, Line 7-8) in the passage means .
A) to “live a decent life”
B) to “live an inactive life”
C) to “live a life of vice”
D) to “live a life with complete freedom”

38. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because .
A) few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life
B) people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends
C) current medical knowledge is still insufficient
D) there are many factors influencing our decisions

39. To knowingly allow oneself to pursue unhealthy habits is compared by Fries and Crapo to .
A) deliberately ending one’s life
B) improving the quality of one’s life
C) limiting one’s personal health choice
D) breaking the rules of social behavior

40. According to Fries and Crapo sound health choices should be based on .
A) personal decisions
B) statistical evidence
C) friends’ opinions
D) society’s laws