TPO10 Lecture 2　European History

　　Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a European History Class

　　Professor: So would it surprise you to learn that many of the food that we today considertraditional European dishes that their key ingredients were not even known in Europe until quite recently, until the European started trading with the native people in North and South America? I mean, you probably aware that the Americas provide Europe and Asia with food like squash, beans, turkey, peanuts. But what about all those Italian tomato sauces, humgarengurush or my favorite, French fries? Those yummy fried potatoes.

　　Student: Wait. I mean I knew potatoes were from where, South America?

　　Professor :South America. Right, the Andes Mountains.

　　Student: But you are saying tomatoes too? I just assume since there used to so manyItalian dishes.

　　Professor: No, like potatoes, Tomato grew widely in the Andes. Although unlike potatoes,they weren’t originally cultivated there. That seems to occur first in Central America. And even then the tomato doesn’t appear to have been very important as a food plant until the European came on the scene. They took it back to Europe with them around 1550. And Italy was indeed the first place where it’s widely grown as food crop. So in a sense, it really is more Italian than American. And another thing and this is true of both potato and tomato. Both of the plants are members of Nightshade family. The Nightshade family is a category of plants which also includes many that you wouldn’t want to eat, like mandrake, belladonna, and even tobacco. So it’s no wonder that people once considered potatoes and tomatoes to be inedible too, even poisonous. And in fact, the leaves of the potato plant are quite toxic. So, too it took both plants quite a while to catch on in Europe. And even longer before it made a return trip to North America and became popular food items here.

　　Student: Yeah, you know, I remember, I remember my grandmother telling me thatwhen her mother was a little girl, a lot of people still thought tomatoes are poisonous.

　　Professor: Oh, sure. People didn’t really start eating them here until the mid-eighteenhundreds. Student But seems like I heard didn’t Tom Jefferson grow them or something?

　　Professor: Well, that’s true. But then Jefferson is known not only as the third president ofthe United States but also as a scholar who was way ahead of his time in many ways. He didn’t let the conventional thinking of his day restrain his ideas. Now, potatoes went through a similar sort of rejection process, especially when they were first introduced in Europe. You know how potatoes can turn green if they are left in the light too long? And that green of skin can make the potatoes tastes bitter; even make you ill. So that was enough to put people off for over 200 years. Yes, Bill?

　　Student: I’m sorry professor Jones. But I mean yeah ok. American crops have probablycontributed a lot to European cooking over the years. But…

　　Professor: But have they really played any kind of important role in European history?Well, as a matter of fact, yes. I was just coming to that. Let’s start with North American corn or maize, as it’s often called. Now before the Europeans made any contact with the Americas, they subsist mainly on grains, grains that often suffered from crop failures. And largely for this reason, the political power in Europe was centered for centuries in the South, around the Mediterranean Sea which was where they could grow these grains with more reliability. But when corn came to Europe from Mexico, wow, now they had a much hardier crop that could be grown easily in more northerly climates and centers of power began to shift accordingly. And then, well as I said potatoes weren’t really popular at first. But when they finally catch on which they did in Ireland around 1780. Well, why do you suppose it happen? Because potatoes have the ability to provide abundant and extremely nutritious food crop, no other crop grew in North Europe at the time had anything like the number of vitamins contained in potatoes. Plus, potatoes grow on the single acre of land could feed many more people than say, wheat grow on the same land. Potatoes soon spread to France and other Northern European countries. And as a result, the nutrition of the general population improved tremendously and population soared in the early 1800 and so the shift of power from southern to northern Europe continued.