B……  Half of the singers at the festival had already heard the music they were to perform before they began to practice for the festival.

C……  Because of shortages in funding, the organizing committee of the choral festival required singers to purchase their own copies of the music performed at the festival.

D……  Each copy of music that was performed at the festival was shared by two singers.

E. As a result of publicity generated by its performance at the festival, the type of music performed at the festival became more widely known.

Select and indicate one answer choice from among the choices provided.

Directions for questions 21 through 23:

Each of the following questions includes a short text with two or three blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. You will be asked to select the word or phrase that best fits the corresponding blank in the text.  Fill all of the blanks in the way that best completes the text.

Question 21.

This question has two blanks.

New technologies often begin by BLANK what has gone before, and they change the world later.  Think how long it took power-using companies to recognize that with electricity they did not need to cluster their machinery around the power source, as in the days of steam.  Instead, power could be BLANK their processes.  In that sense, many of today’s computer networks are still in the steam age.  Their full potential remains unrealized.

Now consider the text with the three options inserted in place of each blank.

New technologies often begin by (a. uprooting, b. dismissing, c. mimicking) what has gone before, and they change the world later.  Think how long it took power-using companies to recognize that with electricity they did not need to cluster their machinery around the power source, as in the days of steam.  Instead, power could be (d. transmitted to, e. consolidated around, f. incorporated into) their processes.  In that sense, many of today’s computer networks are still in the steam age.  Their full potential remains unrealized.

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Answer Choices in Context:

A, D…… uprooting, transmitted to

New technologies often begin by uprooting what has gone before, and they change the world later.  Think how long it took power-using companies to recognize that with electricity they did not need to cluster their machinery around the power source, as in the days of steam.  Instead, power could be transmitted to their processes.  In that sense, many of today’s computer networks are still in the steam age.  Their full potential remains unrealized.

A, E…… uprooting,  consolidated around

New technologies often begin by uprooting what has gone before, and they change the world later.  Think how long it took power-using companies to recognize that with electricity they did not need to cluster their machinery around the power source, as in the days of steam.  Instead, power could be consolidated around their processes.  In that sense, many of today’s computer networks are still in the steam age.  Their full potential remains unrealized.

　A, F…… uprooting, incorporated into

New technologies often begin by uprooting what has gone before, and they change the world later.  Think how long it took power-using companies to recognize that with electricity they did not need to cluster their machinery around the power source, as in the days of steam.  Instead, power could be incorporated into their processes.  In that sense, many of today’s computer networks are still in the steam age.  Their full potential remains unrealized.

B, D…… dismissing, transmitted to

New technologies often begin by dismissing what has gone before, and they change the world later.  Think how long it took power-using companies to recognize that with electricity they did not need to cluster their machinery around the power source, as in the days of steam.  Instead, power could be transmitted to their processes.  In that sense, many of today’s computer networks are still in the steam age.  Their full potential remains unrealized.

B, E…… dismissing, consolidated around

New technologies often begin by dismissing what has gone before, and they change the world later.  Think how long it took power-using companies to recognize that with electricity they did not need to cluster their machinery around the power source, as in the days of steam.  Instead, power could be consolidated around their processes.  In that sense, many of today’s computer networks are still in the steam age.  Their full potential remains unrealized.

B, F…… dismissing, incorporated into

New technologies often begin by dismissing what has gone before, and they change the world later.  Think how long it took power-using companies to recognize that with electricity they did not need to cluster their machinery around the power source, as in the days of steam.  Instead, power could be incorporated into their processes.  In that sense, many of today’s computer networks are still in the steam age.  Their full potential remains unrealized.

C, D…… mimicking, transmitted to

New technologies often begin by mimicking what has gone before, and they change the world later.  Think how long it took power-using companies to recognize that with electricity they did not need to cluster their machinery around the power source, as in the days of steam.  Instead, power could be transmitted to their processes.  In that sense, many of today’s computer networks are still in the steam age.  Their full potential remains unrealized.

C, E…… mimicking, consolidated around

New technologies often begin by mimicking what has gone before, and they change the world later.  Think how long it took power-using companies to recognize that with electricity they did not need to cluster their machinery around the power source, as in the days of steam.  Instead, power could be consolidated around their processes.  In that sense, many of today’s computer networks are still in the steam age.  Their full potential remains unrealized.

　C, F…… . mimicking, incorporated into

New technologies often begin by mimicking what has gone before, and they change the world later.  Think how long it took power-using companies to recognize that with electricity they did not need to cluster their machinery around the power source, as in the days of steam.  Instead, power could be incorporated into their processes.  In that sense, many of today’s computer networks are still in the steam age.  Their full potential remains unrealized.

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Indicate your two  answer choices.

Question 22.

This question has two blanks.

There has been much hand-wringing about how unprepared American students are for college.  Graff reverses this perspective, suggesting that colleges are unprepared for students.  In his analysis, the university culture is largely BLANK entering students because academic culture fails to make connections to the kinds of arguments and cultural references that students grasp.  Understandably, many students view academic life as BLANK ritual.

Now consider the text with the three options inserted in place of each blank.

There has been much hand-wringing about how unprepared American students are for college.  Graff reverses this perspective, suggesting that colleges are unprepared for students.  In his analysis, the university culture is largely (a. primed for, b. opaque to, c. essential for) entering students because academic culture fails to make connections to the kinds of arguments and cultural references that students grasp.  Understandably, many students view academic life as (d. an arcane, e. a laudable, f. a painstaking) ritual.

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Answer Choices in Context:

A, D…… primed for, an arcane.

. There has been much hand-wringing about how unprepared American students are for college.  Graff reverses this perspective, suggesting that colleges are unprepared for students.  In his analysis, the university culture is largely primed for entering students because academic culture fails to make connections to the kinds of arguments and cultural references that students grasp.  Understandably, many students view academic life as an arcane ritual.

A, E…… . primed for, a laudable.

. There has been much hand-wringing about how unprepared American students are for college.  Graff reverses this perspective, suggesting that colleges are unprepared for students.  In his analysis, the university culture is largely primed for entering students because academic culture fails to make connections to the kinds of arguments and cultural references that students grasp.  Understandably, many students view academic life as a laudable ritual.

A, F…… . primed for, a painstaking.

. There has been much hand-wringing about how unprepared American students are for college.  Graff reverses this perspective, suggesting that colleges are unprepared for students.  In his analysis, the university culture is largely primed for entering students because academic culture fails to make connections to the kinds of arguments and cultural references that students grasp.  Understandably, many students view academic life as  a painstaking ritual.

B, D…… . opaque to, an arcane.

. There has been much hand-wringing about how unprepared American students are for college.  Graff reverses this perspective, suggesting that colleges are unprepared for students.  In his analysis, the university culture is largely opaque to entering students because academic culture fails to make connections to the kinds of arguments and cultural references that students grasp.  Understandably, many students view academic life as an arcane ritual.

B, E…… . opaque to, a laudable.

. There has been much hand-wringing about how unprepared American students are for college.  Graff reverses this perspective, suggesting that colleges are unprepared for students.  In his analysis, the university culture is largely opaque to entering students because academic culture fails to make connections to the kinds of arguments and cultural references that students grasp.  Understandably, many students view academic life as a laudable ritual.

B, F…… . opaque to, a painstaking.

. There has been much hand-wringing about how unprepared American students are for college.  Graff reverses this perspective, suggesting that colleges are unprepared for students.  In his analysis, the university culture is largely opaque to entering students because academic culture fails to make connections to the kinds of arguments and cultural references that students grasp.  Understandably, many students view academic life as a painstaking ritual.

C, D…… . essential for, an arcane.

There has been much hand-wringing about how unprepared American students are for college.  Graff reverses this perspective, suggesting that colleges are unprepared for students.  In his analysis, the university culture is largely essential for entering students because academic culture fails to make connections to the kinds of arguments and cultural references that students grasp.  Understandably, many students view academic life as an arcane ritual.

C, E…… . essential for, a laudable.

There has been much hand-wringing about how unprepared American students are for college.  Graff reverses this perspective, suggesting that colleges are unprepared for students.  In his analysis, the university culture is largely essential for entering students because academic culture fails to make connections to the kinds of arguments and cultural references that students grasp.  Understandably, many students view academic life as a laudable ritual.

C, F…… . essential for, a painstaking.

There has been much hand-wringing about how unprepared American students are for college.  Graff reverses this perspective, suggesting that colleges are unprepared for students.  In his analysis, the university culture is largely essential for entering students because academic culture fails to make connections to the kinds of arguments and cultural references that students grasp.  Understandably, many students view academic life as a painstaking ritual.

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Indicate your two answer choices. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text.

Question 23.

This question has two blanks.

Of course anyone who has ever perused an unmodernized text of Captain Clark’s journals knows that the Captain was one of the most BLANK spellers ever to write in English, but despite this BLANK orthographical rules, Clark is never unclear.

Now consider the text with the three options inserted in place of each blank.

Of course anyone who has ever perused an unmodernized text of Captain Clark’s journals knows that the Captain was one of the most (a. indefatigable, b. fastidious, c. defiant) spellers ever to write in English, but despite this (d. disregard for, e. partiality toward, f. unpretentiousness about) orthographical rules, Clark is never unclear.

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Answer Choices in Context

A, D…… indefatigable, disregard for

Of course anyone who has ever perused an unmodernized text of Captain Clark’s journals knows that the Captain was one of the most indefatigable spellers ever to write in English, but despite this disregard for orthographical rules, Clark is never unclear.

A, E…… indefatigable, partiality toward

Of course anyone who has ever perused an unmodernized text of Captain Clark’s journals knows that the Captain was one of the most indefatigable spellers ever to write in English, but despite this partiality toward orthographical rules, Clark is never unclear.

A, F…… indefatigable, unpretentiousness about

Of course anyone who has ever perused an unmodernized text of Captain Clark’s journals knows that the Captain was one of the most indefatigable spellers ever to write in English, but despite this unpretentiousness about orthographical rules, Clark is never unclear.

B, D…… fastidious, disregard for

Of course anyone who has ever perused an unmodernized text of Captain Clark’s journals knows that the Captain was one of the most fastidious spellers ever to write in English, but despite this disregard for orthographical rules, Clark is never unclear.

B. E…… fastidious, partiality toward

Of course anyone who has ever perused an unmodernized text of Captain Clark’s journals knows that the Captain was one of the most fastidious spellers ever to write in English, but despite this partiality toward orthographical rules, Clark is never unclear.

B, F…… fastidious, unpretentiousness about

Of course anyone who has ever perused an unmodernized text of Captain Clark’s journals knows that the Captain was one of the most fastidious spellers ever to write in English, but despite this unpretentiousness about orthographical rules, Clark is never unclear.

C, D. . defiant, disregard for

Of course anyone who has ever perused an unmodernized text of Captain Clark’s journals knows that the Captain was one of the most defiant spellers ever to write in English, but despite this disregard for orthographical rules, Clark is never unclear.

　C, E…… defiant, partiality toward

Of course anyone who has ever perused an unmodernized text of Captain Clark’s journals knows that the Captain was one of the most defiant spellers ever to write in English, but despite this partiality toward orthographical rules, Clark is never unclear.

C, F…… defiant, unpretentiousness about

Of course anyone who has ever perused an unmodernized text of Captain Clark’s journals knows that the Captain was one of the most defiant spellers ever to write in English, but despite this unpretentiousness about orthographical rules, Clark is never unclear.

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Indicate your two  answer choices. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text.

Question 24 has five answer choices, labeled A through E, and is based on the following text.

For the past two years at FasCorp, there has been a policy to advertise any job opening to current employees and to give no job to an applicant from outside the company if a FasCorp employee applies who is qualified for the job.  This policy has been strictly followed, yet even though numerous employees of FasCorp have been qualified for any given entry-level position, some entry-level jobs have been filled with people from outside the company.

Question 24.

If the information provided is true, which of the following must on the basis of it also be true about FasCorp during the past two years?

A……  . There have been some open jobs for which no qualified FasCorp employee applied.

B……  . Some entry-level job openings have not been advertised to FasCorp employees.

C……  . The total number of employees has increased.

D……  . FasCorp has hired some people for jobs for which they were not qualified.

E……  . All the job openings have been for entry-level jobs.

Select and indicate one answer choice from among the choices provided.

Questions 25 through 27 are based on the following reading passage.

A tall tree can transport a hundred gallons of water a day from its roots deep underground to the treetop.  Is this movement propelled by pulling the water from above or pushing it from below?  The pull mechanism has long been favored by most scientists.  First proposed in the late 1800’s, the theory relies on a property of water not commonly associated with fluids:  its tensile strength.  Instead of making a clean break, water evaporating from treetops tugs on the remaining water molecules, with that tug extending from molecule to molecule all the way down to the roots.  The tree itself does not actually push or pull; all the energy for lifting water comes from the sun’s evaporative power.

Question 25.

This question has five answer choices, labeled A through E. Select and indicate the best answer from among these choices.

The passage is primarily concerned with

A……  . refuting a hypothesis advanced by scientists

B……  . discussing the importance of a phenomenon

C……  . presenting a possible explanation of a phenomenon

D……  . contrasting two schools of thought

E……  . discussing the origins of a theory

Select and indicate one answer choice from among the choices provided.

Question 26.

This question has three answer choices, labeled A through C. Consider each of the three choices separately and select all that apply.  The credited response may be one, two, or all three of the choices.

Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?

A……  . The pull theory is not universally accepted by scientists.

B……  . The pull theory depends on one of water’s physical properties.

C……  . The pull theory originated earlier than did the push theory.

Indicate your answer choice or choices.

Question 27.

This question has five answer choices, labeled A through E. Select and indicate the best answer from among these choices.

The passage provides information on each of the following EXCEPT

A……  . when the pull theory originated

B……  . the amount of water a tall tree can transport

C……  . the significance of water’s tensile strength in the pull theory

D……  . the role of the sun in the pull theory

E……  . the mechanism underlying water’s tensile strength

Select and indicate one answer choice from among the choices provided.

Question 28  has five answer choices, labeled A through E, and is based on the following text.

Producing and using biodiesel, a fuel derived from cultivated rapeseed, causes 35 percent less air pollution per gallon than does producing and using regular diesel fuel.  The government plans to reduce diesel-related air pollution over the next decade by 25 percent, so replacing regular diesel with biodiesel would seem to be the obvious solution.  Unfortunately, the greatest possible production of biodiesel would amount to only one percent of all diesel fuel to be produced during the next 15 years.

Question 28.

The passage is structured to lead to which of the following as a conclusion?

A…… . The use of biodiesel will increase by less than one percent over the next 15 years.

B…… . During the next 15 years, the production of biodiesel will be increased as fast as it is possible to increase it.

C…… . During the next 15 years, it will be impossible, just by switching to biodiesel, to meet the government’s stated goal with respect to reducing air pollution.

D…… . Fifteen years from now, the air pollution caused by the production and use of one gallon of regular diesel fuel will be far less than it currently is.

E. . . There will be no significant year-to-year increase in the amount of regular diesel fuel used during the next 15 years.

Select and indicate one answer choice from among the choices provided.