2018年公共英语一级语法讲解：动词的语态

被动语态讲解

英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

☆ 基本公式是：“是”动词+ 过去分词 (被动语态有13种)

1. am/ is / are +P.P 2. am/ is / are +being +P.P

3. was/ were +P.P 4. was/ were +being +P.P

5. has been + P.P 6. had + been + P.P

7. shall / will be + P.P 8. should / would be + P.P

9. should / shall / would / must / need / may / might / ought to

/ can / could / will be+ P.P (情态动词)

10. be +to be + P.P (不定式) 11. to have been + P.P (完成体)

12 .being + P.P (动名词及分词) 13. having been +PP(完成时动名词及分词)

如： Many people speak English.(主动语态)

English is spoken by many people.(被动语态)

1.被动语态的构成: “助动词be+过去分词”。(时态在be动词上体现)

时态 主动 被动

被动语态讲解及练习

英语的语态分主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态的主语是动作的执行者;被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。

eg. We use a knife for cutting (主动句).

A knife is used for cutting (被动句)。

一、构成：be + 过去分词

eg. 1)The work is finished by him.

2)Chinese is spoken by people in China.

　　二、被动语态的时态

1.一般现在时：am/ is/ are + 过去分词

eg. English is spoken by Englishmen.

2.一般过去时：was/ were + 过去分词

eg. The machines were made in China.

3.一般将来时:will/shall/be going to be+过去分词

eg. A sports meeting will be held in our school next week.

4.现在完成时：have/ has been + 过去分词

eg. The work has been done by them.

5.现在进行时：am/ is/ are being + 过去分词。

eg. A new school is being built in our village.

6.过去进行时：was/ were being + 过去分词

eg. My TV set was being mended at that time.

综上所述：被动语态的时态只涉及be动词的变化(即：be动词的各种时态)

另外注意以下几点：

1.含情态动词的被动语态：

can / may / must / should + be + 过去分词

eg. He may be sent away from school.

2.带动词不定式的被动语态

eg. My bike needs to be mended.

3.在使用被动语态时，如需要指出动作执行者时，应用“by + 动作的执行者(宾格)”

2.主动语态改被动语态的方法

1)将主动语态改为被动语态应注意以下三个方面：①将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语;②将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be+过去分词”结构;③将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语，放在谓语动词之后(有时可省略)。

2)含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况：①把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍保留原位;②把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。如： He gave the boy an apple.→The boy was given an apple.(或An apple was given to the boy.)

3)带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动语态的宾语改为主语，宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补足语。如： We call him Xiao Wang.→He is called Xiao Wang.

4)短语动词是不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时要保持其完整性，介词或副词不可遗漏。如：We must take good care of the young trees.→The young trees must be taken good care of.

5)主动句中在感官动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice等，及使役动词make,let,have等后跟省略to的不定式，变成被动语态时，应还原省略的不定式符号to。

He makes the girl stay here. →The girl is made to stay here.

6)含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动结构时，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，从句放在句子后面。可以这样转换为被动结构的动词有know，say，believe，find，think，report等。如： People believe that he is ill.→It is believed that he is ill.

3.被动语态改为主动语态的方法：

被动语态中介词by后的宾语改为主动语态中的主语(或按题意要求确定主语)，按照这个主语的人称和数以及原来的时态把谓语动词形式由被动语态改为主动语态。注意在主动语态中有的动词要求不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，此时要把被动语态中的to去掉。被动语态的主语用来作主动语态的宾语。如： History is made by the people.?The people make history.

4.不能用于被动语态的情况

1)某些表示“静态”的及物动词(表示状态而不是动作，而且常常是不可用于进行时态的动词)如have，fit，suit，hold(容纳)，cost， suffer，last(持续)等不能用于被动语态。如:

They have a nice car. My shoes don’t fit me.

2)某些及物动词可作不及物动词用，特别是后加副词(如well， easily等)时。主动语态有被动含义，来表示主语的某个特性，使得动作得以顺利实施或难以顺利实施，这类动词常见的有sell，write， wear，wash，cook，open，close，lock，read，record等。如： His new novel sells well.

3)feel，look，appear，sound，taste，smell等由实义动词演变而来的系动词，后接形容词作表语，不可用于被动语态。如： The soup tastes wonderful.

4)宾语是不定式或动词的-ing形式时，不可用于被动语态。如：

Peter hoped to meet her.彼得希望遇见她。

Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter.史密斯先生喜欢看他的女儿。

5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，不可用于被动语态。如：

She can dress herself.她可以自己穿衣服。

We could hardly see each other in the fog.在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见。

5.主动结构表示被动意义

1)英语中有很多动词如act，break，catch，cut，clean， drive，draw， let，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash，wear等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，其主动形式常用来表达被动含义。如：Kate’s book reads like an interesting novel.

2)在need，want，require等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动含义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。如： The house needs repairing(to be repaired).

3)形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。如：

This plan is not worth considering.(=This plan is not worthy to be considered.) 4)某些动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义

a.当nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult， important，impossible，pleasant， interesting等形容词后跟不定式作状语，而句子的主语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。如：

Japanese is not difficult to learn.日语并不难学。(指日语被学)

b.当动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。如： I have a lot of work to do today.

c.在there be...句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动或被动式，其含义没有什么区别。如：There is a lot of homework to do(to be done).

5)由介词for，on，above，under等构成的短语有时可以表达被动含义。如：

His paintings will be on show tomorrow afternoon.=His paintings will be shown tomorrow afternoon.他的油画作品明天下午展出。

5)表示感官意义的连系动词如smell，feel，taste，look，sound等在句子中常表达被动含义。如：Good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口。