2018全国英语等级考试二级语法资料：形容词、副词
2018全国英语等级考试二级语法资料：形容词、副词
1.形容词修饰名词/代词;副词修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子，在句中可充当定语、状语、补语、表语。
序号 | 功用 | 词类 | 位置用法 | 例词/例句 |
1 | 定语 | 形容词 | 在中心词前 | He’s a small Japanese boy. |
副词 | 在中心词后 | I’ve got used to the life here. | ||
2 | 状语 | 形容词 | 句首/中，表原因/时间 句末/中，表伴随/结果 | Tired and thirsty, we stopped to have a rest. He lay in bed, awake. |
副词 | 在被修饰词前、后修饰全句，位置灵活 | You are quite right. Sometimes he goes to school on foot. | ||
3 | 表语 | 形容词 副词 | 系动词后 | He is tired. They are out. |
4 | 补语 | 形容词 | 作主补在谓语后 作宾补在宾语后 | The little boy was found dead. He find it very useful. |
副词 | 作主补在谓语后 作宾补在宾语后 | She was seen out. Let me show you out. |
注意：
(1)the/these/those+形容词表示一类人/物;成对的形容词这样用时可省去the。
The rich are not always happy.
High and low all like this flower.
(2)“enough足够的”作定语时既可放在中心词前也可放在中心词后;但作副词时只能后置。
We have enough food to eat.
We have food enough to eat.
It’s warm enough.
(3)许多以前缀a-构成的形容词常作后置定语，这样的形容词有：awake, alone, alive, afraid, alike, asleep, ashamed等。
It is a book worth reading.
Do you know the man asleep over there?
(4)形容词修饰由some/any/no/every与one/body/thing构成的复合不定代词时，要后置。
I have something important to tell you.
(5)形容词(与其他词组/语构成的)短语作定语时要后置。
English is a language difficult to master.
(6)几个副词作状语并列时，位置一般按方式→地点→时间顺序排列。
He came here by air yesterday.
(7)几个形容词并列作表语时，并列的词之间用逗号隔开，最后两个词之间用and(but/yet)等连接，并列词的先后顺序较灵活(有时将强调的词放在最后)。
He is tall,dark and handsome.
2. 形容词、副词比较等级的构成及形式：
规 则 变 化 | 构 成 | 形 式 | |||||
原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 | |||||
单音节词和少数以-er, -ow, -le, -y结尾的双音节词 | 一般 | tall | 加-er | taller | 加-est | tallest | |
以不发音e结尾 | noble | 加-r | nobler | 加-st | noblest | ||
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节 | wet big | 双写最后辅音字母再加-er | wetter bigger | 双写最后辅音字母再加-est | wettest biggest | ||
辅音字母加-y结尾的词 | easy heavy | 改y为i再加-er | easier heavier | 改y为i再加-est | easiest heaviest | ||
多音节词，多数双音节词及部分加-ly等变来或由分词变来的词 | delicious slowly tired tiresome | 词前加more | more delicious more slowly more tired more tiresome | 词前加most | most delicious most slowly most tired most tiresome | ||
不 规 则 变 化 | good well | better | best | ||||
bad/ill badly | worse | worst | |||||
many much | more | most | |||||
little | less | least | |||||
old | elder | eldest | |||||
older | oldest | ||||||
far | farther | farthest | |||||
further | furthest | ||||||
late | later | latest | |||||
latter | last | ||||||
注意：
(1)形容词最高级前要用the,而副词最高级前的the可省。
(2)下面这些词的比较等级可在后面加-er/-est或在前面加more/most构成。
cruel, often, able, clear, clever, correct, dear, free, friendly, happy, handsome, likely, lively, pleasant, right, simple, quiet, solid, strange, strict, stupid, wrong, etc.
3. 形容词、副词比较等级常用的句型及用法：
类别 | 用法及意义 | 句型结构 | 例句 |
原级 | 没有比较 | very / so / quite / too, etc. +原级 | It was very warm yesterday. |
二者比较程度相同 | as+原级+as+比较对象 | You are as clever as Mike. | |
一方是另一方的几倍 | ...times as+原级+as+比较对象 | This bridge is five times as long as that one. | |
二者比，程度不同 | ...not as+原级+as+比较对象 | You are not as tall as he. | |
二者比，前者不如后者 | ...not so+原级+as+比较对象 | Math isn’t so hard as physics. | |
比 较 级 | 二者比，一方比另一方更… | 比较级+than... | You’re younger than Tom. |
二者比，A比B…得多， | much / a lot /a little, rather, a great deal | It’s much hotter today than it was yesterday. | |
A比B甚至还要…/一点 | a bit/far/even/still/a little, etc.+比较级+than | He’s still stronger than Jack. He’s far older than you. | |
表“越来越…” | 比较级+and+同一比较级 | She’s getting fatter and fatter. | |
表“越…就越…” | the+比较级+…， the+比较级+…， | The more you ask, the more you’ll understand. | |
A比B（高，长…）多少倍 | ...times+比较级+than | This line is four times longer than that one. | |
在二者中哪个是更…的那个 | Which / Who is the+比较级+of the two? | Who is the taller of the twins? | |
哪个更…，A还是B？ | Which/Who+谓+比较级，A or B? | Who runs faster, Lily or Mary? | |
表“越来越…” | 比较级and+另一比较级+than+… | He’s getting healthier and stronger than his brother. | |
表“比…更少”或“不如…” | less+原级或名词+than | Tom made less mistakes than Jack. This story is less interesting than that one. She’s less rich than he. | |
表“与其说”，“不如…”，“不止…” | more+原级+than | She is more hard-working than clever. | |
more+名词+than | Mr.Smith is more an artist than a teacher. | ||
more+than+原级/名词 | She’s more than a teacher. She’s more than tired. | ||
表“并不比某某…”或“与某某一样不…” | no+比较级+than… | She’s no taller than you. | |
最高级 | 三者或三者以上比较“某某最…” | (the)+最高级+of+复数名词 | He runs fastest of the boys. |
在某区域的“最…” | (the)+最高级+in+单数集体名词或地点 | He is the tallest in his class. | |
“在三者或三者以上当中最…之一” | one of the+最高级+复数名词+… | She’s one of the best students in this class. | |
“第几大/长…” | the+序数词+最高级(+名词)+in+区域 | It is the second longest river in the world. | |
“三者以上当中谁/哪个最…” | Which/Who+谓语+（the）最高级，A、B、C or D? | Who jumps highest, Tom,Jack or Smith? |