2018全国英语等级考试二级语法资料:构词法
2018全国英语等级考试二级语法资料:构词法
1.概念及种类:
英语单词的构成有一定的规律,这些规律叫构词法。主要有四种:合成、转化、派生和缩略。常见的是前三种。见下图。
种类 | 构成方法 | 例词 |
合成 | 由两个或两个以上的词合成为一个词 | Classroom,newspaper,blackboard Schoolmate,newly-born,hard-working |
转化 | 由一词类转化为另一词类 | taste,answer,back,hand,empty |
派生 | 在词根上加前缀或后缀 | care,careful,carefully careless carelessness carelessly |
2.高中阶段主要构词方法归纳:派生法和合成法
(1)派生法
①常用前缀
表“否定” | un- | unfair unable unlikely |
in- | impossible incapable | |
dis- | discover disagree dislike dishonest | |
表“重复” | re- | rewrite retell repeat reconsider |
②常用后缀
类型 | 加法 | 后缀意义 | 例词 |
名 词 后 缀 | -er/or -tion -ese -ist -ing -ment -ness -ian | “动作的执行者” 变成了名词 “…地方的人” “人” 名词化 名词化 变为名词 变为“…的人” | teacher visitor inventor organization congratulation invention Chinese Japanese pianist scientist violinist living greeting wedding movement treatment happiness illness sickness carelessness Australian |
动 词 后 缀 | -ify -ice -ise -en | 使…变… | beautify realise organise sacrifice lengthen strengthen |
形 容 词 后 缀 | -able -ful -y -ive -al -an | 可…的,能…的 充满…的 带有…的 有…特征的 属于…的 …的 | suitable comfortable movable beautiful careful useful sunny,windy,cloudy,snowy,sleepy,salty active,instructive musical medical physical American European Australian |
-ly | 副词后缀 | carefully really certainly | |
数 词 后 缀 | -teen | 表“十三至十九” | fourteen fifteen nineteen |
-ty | 表“二十、三十…七十” | forty sixty eighty | |
-th | 表“第几” | fourth sixtieth ninth |
(2)合成法:
police+man=policeman play+ground=playground
birth+day=birthday after+noon=afternoon
hand+bag=handbag every+where=everywhere
bed+room=bedroom no+where=nowhere
hand+writing=handwriting any+where=anywhere
grand+parent=grandparent how+ever=however
what+ever=whatever