SECTION A MINI-LECTURE
　　In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.
　　Complete the gap-filling task. Some of the gaps below may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically & semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes.

　　Paralinguistic Features of Language
　　In face-to-face communication speakers often alter their tomes of voice or change their physical postures in order to convey messages. These means are called paralinguistic features of language, which fall into two categories.

　　First category: vocal paralinguistic features
　　(1)__________: to express attitude or intention (1)__________
　　Examples
　　1. whispering: need for secrecy
　　2. breathiness: deep emotion
　　3. (2)_________: unimportance (2)__________
　　4. nasality: anxiety
　　5. extra lip-rounding: greater intimacy

　　Second category: physical paralinguistic features
　　facial expressions
　　(3)_______ (3)__________
　　----- smiling: signal of pleasure or welcome
　　less common expressions
　　----- eye brow raising: surprise or interest
　　----- lip biting: (4)________ (4)_________
　　gesture
　　gestures are related to culture.
　　British culture
　　----- shrugging shoulders: (5) ________ (5)__________
　　----- scratching head: puzzlement
　　other cultures
　　----- placing hand upon heart:(6)_______ (6)__________
　　----- pointing at nose: secret
　　proximity, posture and echoing
　　proximity: physical distance between speakers
　　----- closeness: intimacy or threat
　　----- (7)_______: formality or absence of interest (7)_________
　　Proximity is person-, culture- and (8)________ -specific. (8)_________
　　posture
　　----- hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indicate(9)_____ (9)________
　　----- direct level eye contact: to express an open or challenging attitude
　　echoing
　　----- definition: imitation of similar posture
　　----- (10)______: aid in communication (10)___________
　　----- conscious imitation: mockery