2012年公共英语等级考试五级考前押题11

Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards，from(31) ___praise to cold cash，affect motivation and creativity.Behaviorists，(32) ___research the relation(33) ___actions and their consequences argue that rewards Can improve performance at work and school.Cognitive researchers，who study various aspects of mental life，maintain(34) ___rewards often destroy creativity(35) ___encouraging dependence(36) ___approval and gifts from others.

The latter view has gained many supporters，especially(37) ___educators.But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks(38) ___in grade-school children，suggesting(39) ___properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness，(40) ___to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychol-ogy.

“If kids know they’re working for a(41) ___and can focus(42)——a relatively challenging task，they show the most creativity”，says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark.“But it’S easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for(43) ___performance or creating too (44) ___anticipation for re—wards.”

A teacher(45) ___continually draws attention to rewards or who hands(46) ___high grades for ordinary achievement ends up(47) ___ddiscouraged students，Eisenberger holds.(48) ___an example of the latter point，he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing(49) ___.In earlier grades，the use of so—called token economies，in(50) ___students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards，shows promise in raising effort and creativity，the Dela—ware psychologist claims.

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